ADP-glucose

What is ADP-glucose

**Introduction to ADP-Glucose** ADP-glucose (adenosine diphosphate glucose) is a vital nucleotide sugar that serves as the primary glucose donor in starch and glycogen biosynthesis in plants, algae, and bacteria. It is synthesized from glucose-1-phosphate and ATP via the enzyme ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), a key regulatory step in polysaccharide production. ADP-glucose plays a crucial role in energy storage, providing the substrate for starch synthases to form amylose and amylopectin in plants, and glycogen in bacteria. Its biosynthesis is tightly regulated by allosteric effectors, linking carbon storage to metabolic demand. Understanding ADP-glucose metabolism is essential for improving crop yields and bioengineering applications in renewable energy and bioplastics.

Preparation Process: ADP-glucose is synthesized enzymatically from glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) and ATP via the enzyme ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). The reaction occurs in a buffer (pH 7.5–8.0) containing Mg²⁺ as a cofactor. First, dissolve G1P and ATP in Tris-HCl or HEPES buffer. Add MgCl₂ (5–10 mM) to activate AGPase. Initiate the reaction by adding the enzyme (1–5 U/mL) and incubate at 25–37°C for 30–60 min. Monitor progress via HPLC or enzymatic assays. Terminate by heating (90°C, 5 min) or acid treatment. Purify ADP-glucose using ion-exchange chromatography or ethanol precipitation. Store at –20°C to prevent degradation. Adjust conditions based on enzyme source (bacterial/plant).

Usage Scenarios: ADP-glucose (adenosine diphosphate glucose) is a key intermediate in carbohydrate biosynthesis, primarily serving as the glucosyl donor for starch and glycogen synthesis in plants, bacteria, and some archaea. In plants, it is synthesized in plastids via ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and is essential for starch production, which stores energy. In bacteria, it contributes to glycogen formation, aiding survival under nutrient-limited conditions. ADP-glucose also plays a role in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and extracellular polysaccharide formation, influencing biofilm development and virulence. Its regulation is critical for carbon allocation in metabolic pathways, impacting agricultural yield and microbial processes.

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